Shapie, M.N.M (1,2) & Muhammad Afif, M.A. (1)

1.Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor.

2. Pertubuhan Seni Gayung Fatani Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The purpose of study is to determine the difference between winning and losing motor Men’s Pencak Silat Atheltes in 2015 Sea games Singapore. The percentage of kicking and punching aspects will be the primary aspect in determine the differences of motor coordination. Another action was notate including topple, sweep, block ,catch, evade, self-release, block and punch, block and kick, block and sweep, fake punch, fake kick and others. The total indicators are 14. Four Pencak Silat Men’s Sea Games as the source to notate 14 actions. Then the data was tabulated in group statistic. The data showed winner had more kick and punch compare to loser.

INTRODUCTION

The combination of body movement was being important elements in martial art. Good motor coordination will help in producing fast moving, flexibility, decision making and balance for successful motor performance (Choi et al., 2016). Then the movement involved in pencak silat including offensive and defensive skill. Both skill needed specific training in producing good motor coordination besides created muscle memory to the body (Widiastuti, 2014). Based on daily training routine or repetitive training, adaption will occur where it help the silat athlete expert in module training (Buch et al., 2017). However, in elite level, they were understood in how to difference between necessary and unnecessary movement. Their experiences help in increasing motor coordination where it will contribute good performance. But, some of the silat athlete, although they have good motor coordination in martial art, they were unable to produce good performance during match because of anxiety and stress (Hordacre, Immink, Ridding, & Hillier, 2016). The anxiety and stress will lead them made wrong decision and gave opponent chance to beat them(Stubbs et al., 2017). Because of pencak silat match has short period of time, they need to stay focus and control their stress level until the end 3 sets of game.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Match analysis

The video resources was get from youtube website was specific to the Sea Games 2015 at Singapore. 4 types of videos was used to analyze the movement in pencak silat match including offensive and defensive skill. The listed videos were Men’s 50kg Class A Quarterfinals, Men’s 70 kg Class E Finals, Men’s 70kg Class E Semifinals and Men’s 75kg Class H Semifinals. 14 different types of event performed by players was use as well the match start. The playback, slow motion, and pause techniques were used in get the 14 types of movement including offensive and defensive. Motion categories were listed as below (Shapie et al.,2013):

1. Punch

2. Kick

3. Block

4. Catch

5. Topple

6. Sweep

7. Evade / dodge

8. Self release

9. Block and punch

10. Block kick

11. Block and sweep

12. Fake punch

13. Fake kick

14. Others

Every motion on both players in each match was calculated. The data obtained was tabulated for analyzing by using SPSS software. Then the analyzed data was compile with tabulated data in result.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

All the raw data collected from all matches used the system produced by Shapie at all by 2013. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, version 21. A descriptive analysis was used to determine the different of performance between winner and loser in silat matches.

RESULTS

Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class H Semi Final Mas Vs Sin
Malaysia				Singapore
Action	Outcome
	Hit Target	Hit elsewhere	Miss opponent	Hit Target	Hit Elsewhere	Miss Opponent	Total
Punch	7	1	2	7		1	18
Kick	14	1	3	3	2	1	24
Block	2			3			5
Catch				6			6
Topple	1			4			5
Sweeping	3	2	1				6
Evade/dodge	3						3
Self release
Block &punch
Block & kick
Block &sweep
Fake punch
Fake kick	1						1
Others	2						2
Total	33	4	6	23	2	2	70

Table 1. Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match

Exponent	Block	Kick	Punch	Topple	Others	Total
Blue	2	18	10	1	11	42
Red	3	6	8	4	7	28
Total	5	24	18	5	18	70

Table 1.1. Frequency profile of 2 contestant

Group Statistics
	group	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
score	Malaysia	3	14.3333	16.19671	9.35117
score	Singapore	3	9.0000	12.12436	7.00000

Table 1.2

Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class A Quarter Final Mas Vs Thai
Malaysia				Thailand
Action	Outcome
	Hit Target	Hit elsewhere	Miss opponent	Hit Target	Hit Elsewhere	Miss Opponent	Total
Punch	14	1		9	1	1	26
Kick	20	1		8	2	4	35
Block	5			2			7
Catch	5			4	1	1	11
Topple	1		1	2		6	10
Sweeping	3	3	4		2	2	14
Evade/dodge	1			3			4
Self release
Block &punch
Block & kick
Block &sweep
Fake punch	1						1
Fake kick	1						1
Others	5			3			8
Total	56	5	5	31	6	14	117

Table 2. Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match

Exponent	Block	Kick	Punch	Topple	Others	Total
Blue	2	14	11	8	27	62
Red	5	21	15	2	12	55
Total	7	35	26	10	39	117

Table 2.1. Frequency profile of 2 contestant

Group Statistics
	group	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
score	Malaysia	3	22.0000	29.44486	17.00000
score	Thailand	3	17.0000	12.76715	7.37111

Table 2.3

Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class E Final Mas Vs Vie
Malaysia				Vietnam
Action	Outcome
	Hit Target	Hit elsewhere	Miss opponent	Hit Target	Hit Elsewhere	Miss Opponent	Total
Punch	10	1	1	11	6	2	31
Kick	12	1	2	22	5	8	50
Block	6			1			7
Catch	18			2	3		23
Topple	5		3	1			9
Sweeping	5	1	2			2	10
Evade/dodge	9						9
Self release
Block &punch
Block & kick
Block &sweep
Fake punch				1	2		3
Fake kick	1	1		12	5	7	26
Others	1			4	4		9
Total	67	4	8	54	25	19	175

Table 3. Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match

Exponent	Block	Kick	Punch	Topple	Others	Total
Blue	6	15	12	8	38	79
Red	1	35	19	1	42	98
Total	7	50	31	9	80	177

Table 3.1. Frequency profile of 2 contestant

Group Statistics
	group	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
score	Malaysia	3	26.3333	35.27511	20.36609
score	Vietnam	3	32.6667	18.71719	10.80638

Table 3.3

Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class E Semi Final Mas Vs Sin
Malaysia				Singapore
Action	Outcome
	Hit Target	Hit elsewhere	Miss opponent	Hit Target	Hit Elsewhere	Miss Opponent	Total
Punch	4			8	5	3	20
Kick	30	5	8	20	5	11	79
Block				5			5
Catch	5			7			12
Topple	5			4	2		11
Sweeping	2	3	2	2		3	12
Evade/dodge	1						1
Self release	1			1			2
Block &punch
Block & kick	1						1
Block &sweep	1						1
Fake punch	3			6			9
Fake kick	2						2
Others	5			2			7
Total	60	8	10	55	12	17	162

Table 4. Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat match

Exponenet	Block	Kick	Punch	Topple	Others	Total
Blue		43	4	5	26	78
Red	5	36	16	6	21	84
Total	5	79	20	11	47	162

Table 4.1. Frequency profile of 2 contestant

Group Statistics
	group	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
score	Malaysia	3	26.0000	29.46184	17.00980
score	Singapore	3	28.0000	23.51595	13.57694

Table 4.3

DISCUSSION

Based on all tabulated data, overall winning game was controlled by kick and punch. The number of kick were dominance compare to the punching. On semifinals class H, Malaysia kick and punch percentage are 75% and 55.5%. While Singapore has 25% and 44.4% of kick and punch percentage. Next for quarterfinals class A, Malaysia kick and punch percentage are 40% and 42.3% while Thailand has 60% and 57.6% of kick and punch percentage. Then, for final E Malaysia had 70% and 61.3% of kick and punch percentage but Vietnam had 30% of kick and 38.7% of punch. Lastly, semifinals class E, Malaysia has 54.4% of kick and 80% of punch. While Singapore had 45.56% of kick and 20% of punch.

The data showed national silat exponent is unbalanced between kick and punch. However the result prove that, kick is better than punch because the number of hit target on kick was high compare punch. There was several factor influences this performance. The exponent always use kicking technique because he more comfortable if compare with punch. Other than that, because silat game is using explosive power in energy system, the exponent near to the fatigue for punch. Other than that, muscle power is depend on explosive type of resistance exercise (Ceci et al., 2014). Then, the silat game demand high expenditure energy level to perform in short period of time. Another factor is exponent had an ability to read opponent body motion to hit the specific target. Therefore, punch and accuracy training should balance with kick training in increase the performance.

There are several factors exponent lose the game. From data collection the number of hit target is less than winners. There were lacks of accuracy technique in their game and weak in motor coordination. In accuracy aspect, they were unable to read body motion and attack at the right time. Their time reaction need to improve to avoid them hit on unnecessary target. Then, in defending, there were unable to block or evade successfully. Therefore it lead to mental breakdown where there were unable to buffer negative perception to their self (Gucciardi, Stamatis, & Ntoumanis).

Total score for winning games are:

Sea Games Match	Total
Men’s 50kg Class A Quarterfinals	62
Men’s 70 kg Class E Finals	98
Men’s 70kg Class E Semifinals	84
Men’s 75kg Class H Semifinals	42

Table 5

Total score for losing games are:

Sea Games Match	Total
Men’s 50kg Class A Quarterfinals	55
Men’s 70 kg Class E Finals	79
Men’s 70kg Class E Semifinals	78
Men’s 75kg Class H Semifinals	28

Table 6

Based on data, to win the game, total score must above 79 and not below 28. This number of data was calculated based on the total score of punch, kick, block, topple, catch, evade, self-release, sweep, block and punch, block and kick, block and sweep, fake kick, fake punch and others. Motor coordination was played important role in determine the movement during defending and attacking. The period of muscular fatigue is the one of the factor the changes of motor coordination during match. The muscular fatigue will occur when motor units are unable to maintain for long period (Fattorini et al.).

This factor had lead to the exponent to lose their balance, high chance to get injury and unable to make decision making. For lose balance, attacker took advantage for sweeping or topple down the opponent at the right time. Then, when exponent injured, the range of motion will limit the movement where it actually make opponent to topple down. Next, when the body achieve fatigue level, decision making exponent is predictable for elite or experience opponent.

CONCLUSION

From data analysis obtained, exponent who often used kick than punch has high percentage in winning the games. Another type of movement or motion acts as synergy in variation of motion. For winners, they have good in stabilize motor coordination during match. The efficiency in their training had been proven by their technique in controlling the game. Their lower limb strength was strong compare to the unsuccessful exponent. The strength of lower limb helped in balancing from topple down by opponent.

From another view, the intensity of the game also contributes demand of energy to perform. Because of fatigue, exponent had lose their focus and motor coordination and let the opponent take down them. Kicking and punching are repetitive movement where it need generate to get the score. It was showed skill and fitness assist in martial art performances. Since in the martial art had high intensity and low intensity actions, explosive strenght training help in development muscular power and performance of endurance (Lum, Tan, Pang, & Barbosa).

REFERENCES

Buch, E. R., Santarnecchi, E., Antal, A., Born, J., Celnik, P. A., Classen, J., et al. (2017). Effects of tdcs on motor learning and memory formation: A consensus and critical position paper. Clinical Neurophysiology, 128(4), 589-603. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.004

Ceci, R., Beltran Valls, M. R., Duranti, G., Dimauro, I., Quaranta, F., Pittaluga, M., et al. (2014). Oxidative stress responses to a graded maximal exercise test in older adults following explosive-type resistance training. Redox Biology, 2, 65-72. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.004

Choi, E.-H., Yoo, W.-K., Ohn, S. H., Ahn, S., Kim, H. J., & Jung, K.-I. (2016). Enhancement of motor coordination by applying high frequency repetitive tms on the sensory cortex. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 28, 17-22. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.02.008

Fattorini, L., Tirabasso, A., Lunghi, A., Di Giovanni, R., Sacco, F., & Marchetti, E. Muscular synchronization and hand-arm fatigue. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2016.07.009

Gucciardi, D. F., Stamatis, A., & Ntoumanis, N. Controlling coaching and athlete thriving in elite adolescent netballers: The buffering effect of athletes’ mental toughness. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.007

Hordacre, B., Immink, M. A., Ridding, M. C., & Hillier, S. (2016). Perceptual-motor learning benefits from increased stress and anxiety. Human Movement Science, 49, 36-46. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2016.06.002

Lum, D., Tan, F., Pang, J., & Barbosa, T. M. Effects of intermittent sprint and plyometric training on endurance running performance. Journal of Sport and Health Science. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.08.005

Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., et al. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the world health survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 545-552. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.028

Shapie MNM, Oliver J, O’Donoghue PG, Tong R.(2013) Activity profile during action time in national silat competition http://combatsports.edu.pl/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=1073630

The Silat Olahragahttps://malaymartialarts-silat.blogspot.my/2013/05/the-silat-olahraga.html

Pencak Silat Tanding Category Malaysia vs Thailand (Day 6) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eruVei7Pdg

Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class H Semi-Final SIN vs MAS(Day 8) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuT-n5UpMjE

Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Semi-Final SIN vs MAS (Day 8) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62CI3MJ-8A

Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Final VIE vs MAS (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGK1CSVk0qs

Widiastuti (2014). Using Game Approach in Improving Learning Outcomes of Pencak Silat. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n5p168 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that future studies determine the reaction time lower and upper body of Pencak Silat’s Athlete. Reaction time play important role to read, attacking and defending from opponent. The reaction time training will contributes in alertness besides train decision making in short time. The ability to quick react will promote confidence level and understand opponent strategy. In addition, accuracy training should be parallel with reaction time training. Hit target will be the main objectives in getting point. In theory, miss target and elsewhere target can be reduce from time to time. Example training for developing reaction time is train to catch tennis ball with high velocity and train to punch and kick at the moving target.